2G GSM
▶
3G UMTS
▶
4G LTE
▶
5G NR SA
2G — GSM / GPRS
3G — UMTS / HSPA
4G — LTE / EPC
5G — NR / 5GC (SA)
🔶 2G: Circuit-switched voice + GPRS packet data
🔷 3G: WCDMA air + separate CS & PS domains
🟣 4G: All-IP flat core, CS domain removed
💗 5G: Cloud-native SBA, CU/DU split, slicing
UE
2G Handset
BTS
Base Transceiver
BSC
Base Station Ctrl
MSC / VLR
Mobile Switching
HLR
Home Location Reg
PSTN
Fixed Network
Um (Air)
Abis
A
C / D
PSTN Trunk
UE
3G Handset
NodeB
3G Base Station
RNC
Radio Net Ctrl
SGSN
Serving GPRS
GGSN
Gateway GPRS
Internet
Packet Data Net
Uu (WCDMA)
Iub
Iu-PS
Gn / Gp
Gi
UE
LTE Handset
eNodeB
Evolved NodeB
MME
Mobility Mgmt
SGW
Serving Gateway
PGW
PDN Gateway
PDN
Internet / IMS
LTE-Uu
S1-MME
S11
S5/S8
SGi
UE
5G NR Handset
gNB (CU/DU)
5G Base Station
AMF
Access & Mobility
SMF
Session Mgmt
UPF
User Plane Func
DN
Data Network
NR-Uu
N2 (NGAP)
N11
N4 / N3
N6
READY Click "Start Flow" or "Next Step" to compare architectures across 2G → 5G.
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